Investment Securities: Definition, Types, and Practical Examples

Investment securities are a category of tradable financial assets, such as equities or fixed income instruments, that individuals or institutions purchase with the intention of holding for investment purposes. Unlike other securities that are acquired for quick resale, investment securities are bought with a long-term perspective in mind. These financial assets are governed by Article 8 of the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC).

Banks often purchase marketable securities to include in their investment portfolios, which serve as one of their primary revenue sources, alongside loans. These investment securities are recorded on the balance sheet as assets and carried at amortized book value, calculated as the original cost less amortization up to the present date.

The primary difference between loans and investment securities lies in the process of acquisition. Loans are typically acquired through direct negotiations between the borrower and lender, while investment securities are usually procured through third-party brokers or dealers.

Investment securities held by banks often take the form of equity stakes in corporations or debt securities. Equity stakes can be in the form of preferred or common shares, with safety being a top priority. High-risk, high-reward securities, such as initial public offering (IPO) allocations or small-cap growth companies, may not be suitable for investment securities. Some companies offer dual-class stock, which provides distinct voting rights and dividend payments.

Debt securities can be secured or unsecured corporate debentures. Secured corporate debentures may have backing from company assets, such as mortgages or company equipment, making them preferred investment choices. Treasury bonds, Treasury bills, and municipal bonds are also options for a bank’s investment securities portfolio, but they should be of investment-grade quality. While securities encompass derivative securities, such as mortgage-backed securities, which derive their value from underlying assets, they are riskier and not typically recommended for inclusion in a bank’s investment securities portfolio.

Other types of investment securities include money market securities, which offer quick conversion to cash. These typically take the form of commercial paper (unsecured, short-term corporate debt maturing in 270 days or less), repurchase agreements, negotiable certificates of deposit (CDs), bankers’ acceptances, and federal funds.

The primary purpose of investment securities is to acquire financial assets for long-term investment, in contrast to other securities that are bought for quick resale.

Banks benefit from investment securities by diversifying their investment portfolios, generating potential profits through capital appreciation, ensuring liquidity, and using them as collateral for government deposits.

Individual investors should be aware of risks such as market volatility, credit risk, and interest rate risk when dealing with investment securities.

Yes, investment securities can play a crucial role in retirement planning by offering the potential for long-term capital growth and income generation. They can provide a source of income during retirement years.